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  • no pit behind eyes
    preopercle: spine I longest
    pectoral: bilobed, 21-24, top rays branch
    LL complete
    D XII
    scales rough
  • head bones weak, translucent
    no pit behind eyes
    ridge under eye: spine I tiny
    pectoral 18-20
    scales smooth, tiny, not in rows
    LL in membranous groove
  • head spines strong, multi-pointed
    no pit behind eyes
    ridge under eye 5-8 spines
    D XII
    scales rough
    preopercle: 1st spine longest
    pectoral: center point, + branched rays
    LL complete
  • behind eye without pit
    D: XII
    sides of roof of mouth with teeth
    pectoral: all rays unbranched
    body scales rough
  • normally pit behind eye
    D: XII
    sides of roof of mouth with teeth
    pectoral: upper rays branched
    body scales smooth
  • head spines variable, 0-8 pairs on top
    D notched, XII-XV
    no spiny longitudinal cheek ridge
    pectoral pointed/rounded
  • top head: 8 pairs spines
    large eye
    D notched, XV-XVII
    cheek ridge 8-10 strong spines
    pectoral bilobed, rear notch