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  • lower lip - narrow flange
    D origin before pectoral base
    D & A rays segmented
    tail > 60% TL, tip soft, flexible
    jaws: teeth in bands, upper front teeth in separate patch
    pectoral base extends above gill opening
  • snout overhangs mouth
    rear nostril: hole below mid-eye level
    D origin ~ over pectoral base
    D & A rays unsegmented
    tail < 60% TL
    blunt stiff C
    flanges both lips
    jaw teeth in bands
    pectoral base extending above gill opening
  • snout long, overhanging , with ventral keel
    rear nostril: hole before mid-eye
    D: origin slightly behind pectoral base
    D & A rays segmented
    tail: ~ 60% TL, tip stiff, small C
    jaw teeth in bands, long patch on central roof of mouth
    pectoral base extends above top of gill opening
  • D origin behind pectoral base
    D & A rays not segmented
    tail < 60% TL, tip stiff
    top lip flange wide
    outer teeth form cutting edge
    hollow hidden by top lip flange is not divided
    pectoral base within limits of gill opening
  • snout large, conical, overhangs exposed toot patch
    D & A rays segmented
    tail > 2/3 TL, slender, pointed