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  • head: many spines & ridges
    spiny ridge under eye
    1D, notched
    teeth small, ~ uniform
    operculum 1-2 spines
  • D1: II-III
    1-4 lateral lines
    gill opening on side, before pectoral
    pelvic I, 2-3
  • rear nostril: bunch cirri
    D: spines with cirri
    pectoral: lower rays thick, long
  • head very spiny, bones very serrated
    large eye
    1 D, spiny part longer base
    pelvics I, 7, origin behind pectoral base
    A IV
  • D II-XI, 10-27, base soft part longer
    teeth: simple, canines, or incisors
    3 opercular spines
  • head armoured, spiny
    2 Ds
    pectoral with 3 long, free rays