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  • disc ~round
    top: dense covering of denticles
    shoulders: 1 pair large tubercles
    tail = long whip, no D, with low ventral keel
    tail stings: long, thin, at rear
  • disc rhomboidal, corners angular
    disc +/- central row thorns
    tail: base broad, depressed, spiny, + large tubercles
    mouth broad
  • disc oval/circular, corners rounded
    tail base narrow, circular
    mouth narrow
    disc +/- central row thorns
  • disc robust, rhomboidal, corners angular/broadly rounded
    disc + central row thorns
    tail: base not wide, no flat, no tubercles
  • disc wedge shaped, front convex
    1 row thorns back & tail
    deep flap under long tail